How are all courts, except the us supreme court, established?

Congress is the right answer.

Explanation:

Article III of the Constitution of the United States established the Supreme Court, however, gave the authority to the Congress of the United States to create lower federal courts, when there is any need for the same. Structure and administration of the federal court system were placed by The Judiciary Act of 1789 which formulated the office of the attorney general.

The US Constitution establishes on Article III that the Judicial Branch is shaped by Congress. Congress also has the power to structure the federal judiciary and the power to establish courts that are inferior to the US Supreme Court. But the US Constitution established the District Courts and the 13 US Courts of Appeals.

the effect of the ming leaders banning ships with more than two masts was that there was no further construction of ships masts, because there was a surplus. ming emperors disallowed foreign exploration

formulating the initial idea for the policy

answer is c.