In this country, probation began with the innovative work of jeremy bentham, an english boot-maker, who was the first to provide bail for defendants under the authority of the london police court in 1841.

for starters, there is the structural trend of rising primary government expenditure as a share of gdp, which reached 36% in 2014, up from 22% in 1991. this increase reflected a political desire to address the poverty and inequality that had gone unaddressed during previous decades. to support the increase, brazil’s government increased taxes on consumption and promoted progress toward labor-market formalization. nonetheless, public investment, particularly in infrastructure, took a hit. in fact, with the exception of the 2005-2008 period, total investment as a share of gdp has remained below 20% since 1991.

the correct answer is "c: merchants" and "e. soldiers".

the song dynasty was known as the first government in the world to introduce paper currency. it was also the first chinese government which established a permanent standing navy. finally, the first compass was introduced during this period of government.

all of these innovations heavily affected commerce in a positive way. printed money dynamize commerce within the borders of the empire due to an easier way to quantify value during the trade. the introduction of the compass trade routes to be faster. finally, the introduction of a standing navy regulate trade routes.

regarding military affairs, gunpowder was created during this period. this was a tremendous improvement that was widely utilized by the military in order to innovate in the manufacturing of weapons.