By 1921, the majority of anti-communist forces had been defeated; the communists had retaken georgia and gained control of governments in , , and

They had gained control of Russian Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. All three of these are in and around the Caucus Mountains. This region allowed for access to the Iran, Iraq, and the Ottoman Empire. This would allow for greater influence and trade.  

(d) it was complex and capable of highly organized efforts.