The northern states are often referred to as "free states." assess the validity of this appellation. consider: how free were african americans in the north? what restrictions were placed on their civil and political rights? how did those restrictions vary from region to region in the north?

donald carl johanson (born june 28, 1943) is an american paleoanthropologist. he is known for discovering – with yves coppens and maurice taieb – the fossil of a female hominin australopithecine known as "lucy" in the afar triangle region of hadar, ethiopia.

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warfare was the primary means of cultural transmission in both regions.