These questions are requiring the years for these events 1) last christianity city fell to muslim forces; end of the crusades 2) crusaders capture jerusalem and defeat the muslims 3) charlemagne empire is divided into 3 parts 4) phillip iv meets with the estates-general (france's first parliament) you so much!

1291 is the answer to number one, ill get the rest in the chat, I'm out of time

It developed as a reaction to the impact of european colonialism in africa on peoples of african descent. in the  mid-20th century, activists in africa adopted pan-africanism as a rallying cry for independence from colonial rule. some african pan-africanists sought to unite the continent as one independenthope it was useful