Is one of a number of related social control explanations that depict how social-psychological factors as well as social institutions restrain individuals from violating societal norms.

Option A  is the answer - Containment theory

Explanation:

Walter Reckless, a renowned criminologist in the last century proposed the containment theory, a type of control theory that states that internal qualities and certain social factors effectively isolate some persons from engaging in criminal acts, even when environmental factors induce other people to engage in crime.

During the 1950s and 1960s, the theory gained prominence and has become dominant in the field of criminological concepts.