Task 1:
Situational or Structural Change
Turning points are situational or structural changes that people experience when they move from one stage of life to another. Examples of turning points include marriage and employment. Life cycle theorists argue that these types of structural or situational changes reinforce social conformity. Research has shown that people who are married, or who have a stable job, tend to have a much lower tendency to indulge in crimes than those who are yet to experience these changes in their lives.
Increased Social Control
Life cycle theorists believe that the turning points in an individual’s life result in increased social control. For example, marriage can create opportunities for direct and indirect supervision of delinquent behavior. This deters an individual from engaging in criminal activities. Marriage also provides the necessary moral and emotional support. An individual may fear losing the valuable social asset of marital association, and, therefore, choose to abandon criminal behavior. Likewise, when an individual has a stable job, it lessens economic constraints and brings the individual into close and frequent contact with people who adhere to social norms. The individual eventually conforms to these social norms and participates less in delinquent behavior.
Routine Structured Lifestyle
Turning points lead to a more structured lifestyle. An individual’s personal, as well as professional commitments adversely affect the prospects of interactions with delinquent peers. For example, marriage generates opportunities to socialize with new people, and routines and activities related to work goals leave less time for other things. As individuals get involved in their new relationship and work, they have fewer opportunities to interact with their criminal peers. Consequently, there is a decline in criminal activities.
Trading Off between Costs and Benefits
Turning points in an individual’s life also causes desistance by default. The individual devotes so much time and effort to the new relationship (or the new job) that sacrificing these benefits for a criminal cause may seem to be a costly trade off. The individual weighs the benefits of a stable non-criminal life against the cost of an unstable criminal life. If the person believes that the benefits outweigh the cost of a life crime, he or she is unlikely to return to the old delinquent ways. The proponents of life course theory agree that the four stages do not guarantee that a person will always desist from crimes. There are people who are married and have stable jobs, but who continue to commit crimes. The theorists argue that the choice to desist or not ultimately lies in the hands of the individuals. They seek circumstances that suit them, and these circumstances, in turn, influence their choices. The desistance process is, therefore, an interaction between life course transitions and the options chosen by an individual.
Task 2:
Social Learning Theory under Behaviorism
Albert Bandura's social learning theory emphasizes the role of Modeling (IMITATION/OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING) as a basis for development
-now stresses the importance of cognition, refers to SOCIAL-COGNITIVE APPROACH
-children gradually become more selective in what they imitate, and develop PERSONAL STANDARDS for behavior and SENSE OF SELF EFFICACY, a believe that their own abilities/characteristics will help succeed.
Please mark brainliest took along time! Thanks!
