"Classical theory” is one of the earliest criminological theories, and argues that people choose to commit a crime out of their "free will." Later criminological theories suggest that
environmental factors also influence criminal behavior. Think about the implications of this
shift. Discuss how we can punish offenders if external factors, which are beyond an
individual's control, are responsible for the crimes committed. If "free will" is not a valid
causal factor, how should our society respond to crime?