In the figure below, both have the same center, and the radius of the larger circle is r. if the radius of a smaller circle is 3 units less than r, which of the following represents the area of the shaded region.

White shapes and black shapes are used in a game. some of the shapes are circles. while the rest are squares. the ratio of the number of white shapes to the number of black shapes is 5: 11. the ratio of the number of white cicrles to the number of white squares is 3: 7. the ratio of the number of black circles to the number of black squres is 3: 8. work out what fraction of all the shapes are circles.