Which amendment prohibits federal and state governments from carrying out these actions?

1.The correct answers here are the options A and C.

Under the United States Constitution, the powers that the states possess are those that are not given to federal government and those that are not prohibited by the Constitution itself. This is clearly seen here in the 10th Amendment. The states are free to set forth any laws that are constitutional so this does not mean any powers people want. 

2.The correct answer here is the option A.

John C. Calhoun believed as did some other prominent politicians that nullification of federal laws was justified as the Constitution does not expressly give Congress the right to control states. But nullification is actually not legal and not true because of the Supremacy Clause that states that the Constitution and the federal laws created in accordance with it are the supreme law of the land. Also,  Article III of the Constitution states that it is the federal judiciary that has the final say in the constitutionality of a law.

3.The correct answer here is the option A.

When the citizens of the United States think about  the Constitution they mainly think about the Constitution of the United States. But before the colonies came together to create the Union they already created their own individual constitutions and entered the Union as free states. But these have been changed after the establishment of the Union in order to more reflect the Constitution of the United States. 

The correct answer here is the option(s) A or C

I would recommend reading Frederick Douglass it has first-person view on slavery.

not sure

is there any photos or whatever?