Caleb bought groceries and paid 1.60 in sales tax. the sales tax rate is 2.5%

What is the least common factor of 6 and 8

Someone answer this asap rn for ! a discount store’s prices are 25% lower than department store prices. the function c(x) = 0.75x can be used to determine the cost c, in dollars, of an item, where x is the department store price, in dollars. if the item has not sold in one month, the discount store takes an additional 20% off the discounted price and an additional $5 off the total purchase. the function d(y) = 0.80y - 5 can be used to find d, the cost, in dollars, of an item that has not been sold for a month, where y is the discount store price, in dollars. create a function d(c(x)) that represents the final price of an item when a costumer buys an item that has been in the discount store for a month. d(c(x)) =

Consider the linear model for a two-stage nested design with b nested in a as given below. yijk=\small \mu + \small \taui + \small \betaj(i) + \small \varepsilon(ij)k , for i=1,; j= ; k=1, assumption: \small \varepsilon(ij)k ~ iid n (0, \small \sigma2) ; \small \taui ~ iid n(0, \small \sigmat2 ); \tiny \sum_{j=1}^{b} \small \betaj(i) =0; \small \varepsilon(ij)k and \small \taui are independent. using only the given information, derive the least square estimator of \small \betaj(i) using the appropriate constraints (sum to zero constraints) and derive e(msb(a) ).