Numeric passwords of length r consist of n digits from {0,1,2,…,9}. digits may be not repeated (e. g., 1178 is a not a permissible password of length 4). find the smallest value of r such that the number of possible passwords of length r is greater than 2,000,000.

The smallest value of r such that there are more than 2,000,000 possible passwords is r=9.

Step-by-step explanation:

Given : Numeric passwords of length r consist of n digits from {0,1,2,…,9}. Digits may be not repeated (e.g., 1178 is a not a permissible password of length 4).

To Find : The smallest value of r such that the number of possible passwords of length r is greater than 2,000,000.

Solution :

Numeric passwords of length r consist of n digits from {0,1,2,…,9}

i.e. There are 10 possible digits : 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.

So, The first digit have 10 ways,

Second digit have 9 ways different from previous digit.

Third digit have 8 ways different from previous digit.

Similarly, r th digit have n-r+1 ways.

Applying fundamental counting principle,

If the first event occur in m ways and second event occur in n ways the the number of ways two events occur in sequence is

is the required ways.

But The smallest value of r such that the number of possible passwords of length r is greater than 2,000,000.

i.e.

The increasing value of r will obtain more than 2,000,000 possible passwords were,

If r=1

Number of passwords = 10

If r=2

Number of passwords =

If r=3

Number of passwords =

If r=4

Number of passwords =

If r=5

Number of passwords =

If r=6

Number of passwords =

If r=7

Number of passwords =

If r=8

Number of passwords =

If r=9

Number of passwords =

For r = 9 the password length exceeds.

Therefore, The smallest value of r such that there are more than 2,000,000 possible passwords is r=9.

a) one student is chosen from classroom a, then a student is chosen from classroom b.  

step-by-step explanation:

independent events are ones in which the probability of one event does not affect the probability of the second event.

one student is chosen from classroom a; this does not affect the chances of choosing a student from classroom b.   this makes these independent events.

when one card is chosen from a standard deck and then set aside before a second card is chosen, the probability of the second card being chosen changes.   this makes them dependent events.

when one student is chosen from classroom a and then a second student is chosen from classroom a, the probability of choosing the second student changes.   this makes them dependent events.

when a letter is chosen from the alphabet and then a second letter is chosen, the probability of choosing the second letter changes.   this makes them dependent events.

c

step-by-step explanation: