Null hypothesis significance testing uses the laws of probability to estimate the likelihood of an outcome by first assuming that

The blank is - only chance factors caused the outcome.

Step-by-step explanation:

Null hypothesis significance testing uses the laws of probability to estimate the likelihood of an outcome by first assuming that - only chance factors caused the outcome.

This kind of testing is a statistical testing where an experimental factor is tested against the hypothesis of no effect based on a given observation.

step-by-step explanation:

step 1: solve one of the equations for one of the variables. let's solve the first equation for y:

step 2: substitute that equation into the other equation, and solve for x.

step 3: substitute x = 4 x = 4 x=4 into one of the original equations, and solve for y.