1problem 1 - nonlinear specification take the same the data set on guns that you have used for problem set 4 (see nyu classes, folder data). import the data to your statistical software. consider the following variables: • yit (vio): violent crime rate (incidents per 100,000 members of the population in state i and year t) • x1,it (shall): indicator variable for a shall-carry law (=1 if the state has a shall-carry law in effect in year t, =0 otherwise) • x2,it (density): population per square mile of land area, divided by 1000, in state i and year t • x3,it (avginc): real per capita personal income in state i and year t, in thousands of dollars • x4,it (incarc-rate): incarceration rate in state i in the previous year (t − 1) (sentenced prisoners per 100,000 residents) note: throughout the problem set, we use the simplified notation pi i=1 pt t=1 =: pn it with n = i × t.