Acommon mathematical interpretation of of causal relations is y =f(x,ε), where f is the law of nature and ε is some random noise. having observed data that is likely generated the equation, there are two goals in the data analysis: (1) extracting information about the law of nature—the function f (where we are mostly care about in chemical engineering). (2) predict what the response variables y are going to be with the predictor variables x revealed to us.