A group of n processors is arranged in an ordered list. When a job arrives, the firstprocessor in line attempts it; if it is unsuccessful, then the next in line tries it; if ittoo is unsuccessful, then the next in line tries it, and so on. When the job is suc-cessfully processed or after all processors have been unsuccessful, the job leavesthe system. At this point we are allowed to reorder the processors, and a new jobappears. Suppose that we use the one-closer reordering rule, which moves theprocessor that was successful one closer to the front of the line by interchangingits position with the one in front of it. If all processors were unsuccessful (or ifthe processor in the first position was successful), then the ordering remains thesame. Suppose that each time processoriattempts a job then, independently ofanything else, it is successful with probabilitypi(a) Define an appropriate Markov chain to analyze thismodel.
(b) Show that this Markov chain is time reversible.
(c) Find the long-run probabilities.

The solution from the solution manual is the following: Consider states x=(x1,...,xi−1,xi,xi+1,...,xn) and x1=(x1,...,xi−1,xi+1,xi,...,xn). Note that each time j is moved to the left we multiply by qj/pj and each time it moves to the right we multiply by (qj/pj)−1. Since xj, which is initially in position j, is to have a net move of j−xj positions to the left (so it will end up in position j−(j−xj)=xj) it follows from the above that π(x)=C∏j(qxj/pxj)j−xj. The value of C, which is equal to π(1,2,...,n), can be obtained by summing over all states x and equating to 1. Since the solution given by the above value of π(x) satisfies the time reversibility equations it follows that the chain is time reversible and these are the limiting probabilities.

for the points

step-by-step explanation:

the answer is; biodiversity resulting from few ancestors

adaptive radiation occurs when a population is subjected to a large natural environment with spatial ecological variations. the parts of the population in the different ecologies begin to adapt to their local environments. due to non-random mating across the large populations, this causes the different populations from the large population to speciate within their local environments. they, therefore, diverge to different species sharing a common ancestor.