Advantages and disadvantages of the related-samples design Disadvantages of using a related sample (either one sample of participants with repeated measures or two matched samples) versus using two independent samples include which of the following? Check all that apply. a. Related samples have less sample variance, increasing the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis if it is false (that is, increasing power). b. Related samples (specifically, one sample of participants with repeated measures) can have an order effect such that a change observed between one measurement and the next might be attributable to the order in which the measurements were taken rather than to a treatment effect. c. A related-samples design reduces or eliminates problems caused by individual differences such as age, IQ, gender, or personality. d. Related samples (specifically, one sample of participants with repeated measures) can have a carryover effect such that participants can learn from their first measurement and therefore do better on their second measurement.