The following data represent the pH of rain for a random sample of 12 rain dates in Tucker County, West Virginia. A normal probability plot suggests the data could come from a population that is normally distributed. A boxplot indicates there are no outliers 4.58 5.72 4.77 4.76 5.19 5.05 4.80 4.77 4.75 5.02 4.74 4.56 35
(a) Determine a point estimate for the population mean pH of
(b) Construct and interpret a 95% confidence interval for the mean
(c) Construct and interpret a 99% confidence interval for the mean
(d) What happens to the interval as the level of confidence is rainwater in Tucker County pH of rainwater in Tucker County, West Virginia. pH of rainwater in Tucker County, West Virginia. increased? Explain why this is a logical result.

Step-by-step explanation:

n = 12

Mean = (4.58 + 5.72 + 4.77 + 4.76 + 5.19 + 5.05 + 4.80 + 4.77 + 4.75 + 5.02 + 4.74 + 4.56)/12 = 4.8925

Standard deviation = √(summation(x - mean)²/n

Summation(x - mean)² = (4.58 - 4.8925)^2 + (5.72 - 4.8925)^2 + (4.77 - 4.8925)^2 + (4.76 - 4.8925)^2 + (5.19 - 4.8925)^2 + (5.05 - 4.8925)^2 + (4.80 - 4.8925)^2 + (4.77 - 4.8925)^2 + (4.75 - 4.8925)^2 + (5.02 - 4.8925)^2 + (4.74 - 4.8925)^2 + (4.56 - 4.8925)^2 = 1.122225

Standard deviation = √(1.122225/12

s = 0.31

a) Point estimate = sample mean = 4.8925

Confidence interval is written in the form,

(Sample mean - margin of error, sample mean + margin of error)

Margin of error = z × s/√n

Where

From the information given, the population standard deviation is unknown and the sample size is small, hence, we would use the t distribution to find the z score

In order to use the t distribution, we would determine the degree of freedom, df for the sample.

df = n - 1 = 12 - 1 = 11

b) Since confidence level = 95% = 0.95, α = 1 - CL = 1 – 0.95 = 0.05

α/2 = 0.05/2 = 0.025

the area to the right of z0.025 is 0.025 and the area to the left of z0.025 is 1 - 0.025 = 0.975

Looking at the t distribution table,

z = 2.201

Margin of error = 2.201 × 0.31/√12

= 0.197

95% confidence interval = 4.8925 ± 0.197

Upper limit = 4.8925 + 0.197 = 5.0895

Lower limit = 4.8925 - 0.197 = 4.6955

We are 95% confident that the population mean of the rain water ph lies between 4.6955 and 5.0895

c) For 99% confidence level, z = 3.106

Margin of error = 3.106 × 0.31/√12

= 0.278

99% confidence interval = 4.8925 ± 0.278

Upper limit = 4.8925 + 0.278 = 5.1705

Lower limit = 4.8925 - 0.278 = 4.6145

We are 99% confident that the population mean of the rain water ph lies between 4.6145 and 5.1705

d) The interval gets wider as the confidence level is increased. This is logical since the test score is higher for 99% and therefore, increases the range of values. Since we want to be more confident, the range of values must be extended.

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