Its below here in the picture

11.08 is the VAT or Tax as we call it in total amount is without Vat is 47.23

Step-by-step explanation:

in your qusiton it directly said "VAT is at 19%",Hence all we got to do is times 58.31 by 19% why the whole because your question also says "jeremy buys a calculator in Germany for 58.31. This price also includes VAT" so that is why we need to multpliy the whole number by 19% because some of it is Vat so when we do that amount that is VAT 11.08 and the amount without VAT is 47.23

here the real answer 11.0789

robert puts 2 in each row

the answer

b. they are parallel and will never intersect.