Hurricanes, Sinkholes, Humans Impact, and Glaciers are contributory agents to the issues of coastal erosion.
Explanation
1) Hurricanes:
Sea levels can be rapidly elevated during a storm surge caused by hurricanes and extratropical storms. These spike in sea levels are directly related to severe erosion of shorelines which is estimated to cost about 3-5 billion US dollars annually.
2) Sinkholes:
in 2013, about 328 feet of the beach collapsed in Candelaria, Zambales over a weekend creating an unsafe environment for residents and tourists. Their scientists suspected that it was due to a sinkhole. The collapse had deepened the shoreline by at least 1 meter.
3) Human Impact:
Sand mining from riverbeds and beaches, erection and construction of structures in coastal areas (like seawalls, jetties, breakwaters, etc), land reclamation along coastal fronts are all causes of coastal erosion.
In 2018, India reported massive erosion to its coastline. At that time, she had lost a whopping 33% of her shoreline over a space of 26 years. This is an average of 1.3% annually. Much of this loss was attributed to the increasing number of construction activities in such areas, damming of rivers (which prevented the rivers from carrying sediments to its coast which creates a balance), sand mining, and destruction of mangroves, etc.
4) Glaciers:
A Glacier is a moving body or river of ice that moves relatively slowly. It is formed by the gradual accumulation of compacted snow on mountains or near the poles. Glaciers have been known to move as fast as 30 meters per day. They can also be as slow as 0.5 meters per year. On average, you probably will record 25 centimeters of daily movement.
Combined with its gradual motion, the weight of a glacier could dramatically transform the terrain over a period spanning hundreds or even thousands of years. The weight of a glacier is very crushing. It is estimated at about 2 thousand tonnes.
As this huge weathering machine moves over land surfaces, expanding and contracting with weather fluctuations, the rocks underneath are disintegrated systematically into soil and shipped far from their points of origin.
The ice erodes the land surface and carries the broken rocks and soil debris far from their original places, resulting in some interesting glacial landforms.
Moving glaciers rip out of basins and create mountain valleys with sloping cliffs. Interesting historical examples of what Glaciers can do can be found in Scandinavia where it created fjords and deep inlets along its coast. It is also interesting to note that the shape of Cape Cod which looks like a fishhook was carved by the snout of a glacier.
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