What are the horizontal and vertical transformations to these?​

What is the missing step in this proof ?

Find the least common multiple of the expressions: 1. 3x^2, 6x - 18 2. 5x, 5x(x +2) 3. x^2 - 9, x + 3 4. x^2 - 3x - 10, x + 2 explain if possible

Multiplying fractions by whole number 5 x 1/3=?