Question 4 (3 points) Kobe made contributions to a Roth IRA over the course of 25 working years. His contributions averaged $5,000 annually. Kobe was in the 27% tax bracket during his
working years. The average annual rate of return on the account was 4%. Upon retirement, Kobe stopped working and making Roth IRA contributions. Instead, he
started living on withdrawals from the retirement account. At this point, Kobe dropped into the 15% tax bracket. Factoring in taxes, what is the effective value of Kobe's
Roth IRA at retirement? Assume annual compounding. (3 points)

Describe how the presence of possible outliers might be identified on the following. (a) histograms gap between the first bar and the rest of bars or between the last bar and the rest of bars large group of bars to the left or right of a gap higher center bar than surrounding bars gap around the center of the histogram higher far left or right bar than surrounding bars (b) dotplots large gap around the center of the data large gap between data on the far left side or the far right side and the rest of the data large groups of data to the left or right of a gap large group of data in the center of the dotplot large group of data on the left or right of the dotplot (c) stem-and-leaf displays several empty stems in the center of the stem-and-leaf display large group of data in stems on one of the far sides of the stem-and-leaf display large group of data near a gap several empty stems after stem including the lowest values or before stem including the highest values large group of data in the center stems (d) box-and-whisker plots data within the fences placed at q1 â’ 1.5(iqr) and at q3 + 1.5(iqr) data beyond the fences placed at q1 â’ 2(iqr) and at q3 + 2(iqr) data within the fences placed at q1 â’ 2(iqr) and at q3 + 2(iqr) data beyond the fences placed at q1 â’ 1.5(iqr) and at q3 + 1.5(iqr) data beyond the fences placed at q1 â’ 1(iqr) and at q3 + 1(iqr)