How u do ratios and divide because i have bad memories and its to many steps?

The product of 3 and a number increased by 8 is 31 written as an equation

Aresearcher believes increased perceived control influence the well-being of residents at a nursing home. to test this , she allowed one group of residents to have control over their daily lies, (where to eat etc) . the other group of 5 residents had these deceisions made by staff. the resident's feelings of well-being were measured on a 10 point scale at the end of a one month trial period. is there a difference on well-being?

The half-life of a certain material is 0.002 second. approximately how much of a 14-gram sample will be left after 0.004 second? a. 12 grams b. 3.5 grams c. 0.06 gram d. 7 grams