Pleeaseee help me out here with an explanation please

What is the perimeter, p, of a rectangle that has a length of x + 8 and a width of y − 1? p = 2x + 2y + 18 p = 2x + 2y + 14 p = x + y − 9 p = x + y + 7

Let w=23 . what is the value of w + 45 ?

White shapes and black shapes are used in a game. some of the shapes are circles. while the rest are squares. the ratio of the number of white shapes to the number of black shapes is 5: 11. the ratio of the number of white cicrles to the number of white squares is 3: 7. the ratio of the number of black circles to the number of black squres is 3: 8. work out what fraction of all the shapes are circles.