A study followed for 10 years a sample of 82,695 middle-aged men with no prior history of heart failure living in California. The daily number of minutes spent being sedentary (seated) was recorded in diaries and reported on regularly administered questionnaires. During the course of the study, a total of 3,473 men experienced heart failures. Participants with high sedentary time and low sedentary times were compared. The proportion experiencing a heart failure was higher in the group of men spending more time being sedentary. This study is an example of:
a. longitudinal cohort study
b. case-control observational study
c. voluntary response sample or anecdotal data
d. completely randomized experiment
e. matched pairs / repeated measures experiment
f. cross-sectional sample survey
g. census (population data)

f. cross-sectional sample survey

Step-by-step explanation:

- longitudinal cohort study is when the group of subjects that comprises the cohort is chosen based on a disease or injury and is then monitored over time at routine intervals. In this question, it's not the case as the sample of men were just picked and studied with no special group or cohort.

- If it was case-control observational study, the research would have started with identifying those who have heart failure and those who don't have heart failure but it wasn't the case and thus this is not correct.

- If this was voluntary response sample, it means the men would have been self chosen which means they volunteered to be part of the study if it was of interest to them. But this is not the case here.

- If it was completely randomized experiment, it means that the people sampled would have been randomly assigned to different treatments which was not so in this question.

- If it were to be match pairs experiment, it means the men sampled would be grouped into pairs and each pair will be assigned different treatments which didn't happen in this question.

- If it were to be cross-sectional sample survey, it means that data will be collected from a population of interest to make inferences from that population at a point in time. That is the case here because data about sedentary time or less was taken and compared to know the effect it had on heart failure.

- If it were census, it will just be about getting the size of the population without making inquiries about sedentary time.

an advantage of the standard deviation is that it increases as the dispersion of the data increases. e. the interquartile range is preferred when the data are not skewed or no have outliers. an advantage of the standard deviation is that it uses all the observations in its computation.