What is the general form of the equation for the given circle?

a. x2 + y2 − 8x − 8y + 23 = 0

b. x2 + y2 − 8x − 8y + 32 = 0

c. x2 + y2 − 4x − 4y + 23 = 0

d. x2 + y2 + 4x + 4y + 9 = 0

According to a study conducted in 2015, 18% of shoppers said that they prefer to buy generic instead of name-brand products. suppose that in a recent sample of 1500 shoppers, 315 stated that they prefer to buy generic instead of name-brand products. at a 5% significance level, can you conclude that the proportion of all shoppers who currently prefer to buy generic instead of name-brand products is higher than .18? use both the p-value and the critical-value approaches.