The increased risk of lung cancer that results from smoking and asbestos exposure is an example of a/an effect.

The answer is Carcinogenic effect.

Explanation:

When a physical, chemical or biological agent is capable of producing a neoplasic disease we speak of a carcinogenic or carcinogenic effect. The carcinogenic effect of cigarettes and asbestos has been scientifically demonstrated, asbestos being one of the largest producers of lung cancer in people working with this material, hence its use has already been banned in several countries.