How can electric energy be converted to heat energy?

To do that, you must pass electric current through a substance
that electrons have to spend energy to pass through. 
The substance will be one that gets warm and dissipates heat
when electric current flows through it.
We'll say that the substance has "resistance", which we can measure.
The amount of heat that appears when current flows through it
will be (current²)·(resistance).

A few examples of things used for that purpose:

-- resistors
-- burners on electric stoves
-- coils of resistor-wire in a toaster
-- aquarium heater
-- electric clothes iron
-- electric coffee pot
-- blow-dryer
-- electric hair-curling iron
-- skinny tungsten wire in a light-bulb .

the best answer for these questions would be:

1.            c. is smaller

2.            d) concrete operational

3.            b) interaction with the environment – the children interact with their environment can them learn more.

4.            a) parents who reason openly with children can limit a child’s cognitive ability.

The chemical reactions lab we did is typically called a "copper plating lab,  because the acid solution cleaned the pennies and made the copper look shinier;   the acid solution cleaned the paperclips and made them look like pennies;   &   the copper from the pennies was removed, and then added to the paperclips.