What are some techniques for separating mixtures into their components?

Some commonly used techniques might be distillation and magnetism.

Distillation is basically a method of separating liquid mixture by basically boiling and condensing the different liquids. Since liquids don't have the same boiling points. one will evaporate first, and the other liquid or liquds will remaim.

Magnetism is a method of separating solid mixtures. One or some solids will get atracted to the magnet and the others will remain. Note that this only works if one of the solids has a magnetical property.

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probably not if net force is zero

frequency or wavelenth of em radiation in a vacuum