What keeps the particles of a liquid from spreading out to fill an entire container in the same way that gas particles do? a. they move too quickly to be separated from one another. b. the forces of attraction among them limit their motion. c. they are covalently bonded to one another.

b. the forces of attraction among them limit their motion.

b. the forces of attraction among them limit their motion.

Explanation:

In solids, the particles are tightly packed. The solid has fixed shape and volume.There is strong inter-particle force of attraction which prevents the motion  of particles in solids. Thus, the particles in solids can vibrate about their fixed position.  Liquids have fixed volume but not shape. Gases don't  have fixed shape and volume. The particles of liquid do not spread out like gases. This is because of the inter particle attraction which prevents them from moving far away. In gases, the inter-particle distance is large and thus, particles have weak force of attraction.

scattering of light by tiny particles in air to produce the colors we see on sky, is dependent on the following factors:

(i) wavelength of light

(ii) size of the scattering particle  

(iii) distance traveled by light through the atmosphere.

according to rayleigh's law of scattering, the amount of scattering is inversely proportional to the fourth power of its wavelength. shorter the wavelength, greater is its scattering. hence violet/blue light is scattered more than red.

sun's light is a composite light ( visible light) with wavelengths in the range 400 nm (violet) to 700 nm (red). as sunlight passes through our atmosphere, the molecules of air scatter light according to their wavelengths. during sunrise and sunset, the sun's position is below the horizon. hence light from the sun travels a greater distance in the atmosphere when compared to its position a noon.

as sunlight enters the earth's atmosphere, blue light is scattered away and at the end of its journey in the sky, only red and orange wavelengths remain in the beam.

hence at sunrise and sunset, the sky appears reddish orange.