Is the formation of rust on an iron nail a chemical change or a physical change? explain your answer.

Two polarizers are oriented at 24.0∘ to one another. light polarized at a 12.0-degree angle to each polarizer passes through both. what is the transmitted intensity (%)?

Which is the best predictor of the radioactive nature of an isotope? o the proton-to-electron ratio the neutron-to-proton ratio o the neutron-to-electron ratio the electron-to-proton ratio

Some material consisting of a collection of microscopic objects is kept at a high temperature. a photon detector capable of detecting photon energies from infrared through ultraviolet observes photons emitted with energies of 0.3 ev, 0.5 ev, 0.8 ev, 2.0ev, 2.5ev, and 2.8ev. these are the only photon energies observed. (a) draw and label a possible energy-level diagram for one of the microscopic objects, which has four bound states. on the diagram, indicate the transitions corresponding to the emitted photons. explain briefly. (b) would a spring–mass model be a good model for these microscopic objects? why or why not? (c) the material is now cooled down to a very low temperature, and the photon detector stops detecting photon emissions. next, a beam of light with a continuous range of energies from infrared through ultraviolet shines on the material, and the photon detector observes the beam of light after it passes through the material. what photon energies in this beam of light are observed to be significantly reduced in intensity (“dark absorption lines”)? explain briefly.