What does a refractive index from medium 1 to medium 2 mean? isn't one of the medium must be vacuum?

Refractive index is the measure of bending of a ray of light when passing from one medium into another. It is not necessary that one medium must be vaccum.

For example, the image below shows refraction, where first medium is air and second medium is water.

we need to know the time interval during which the force acts. impulse of force = momentum change

electromagnetic shielding is the practice of reducing the electromagnetic field in a space by blocking the field with barriers made of conductive or magnetic materials. shielding is typically applied to enclosures to isolate electrical devices from their surroundings, and to cables to isolate wires from the environment through which the cable runs. electromagnetic shielding that blocks radio frequency electromagnetic radiation is also known as rf shielding.

the shielding can reduce the coupling of radio waves, electromagnetic fields and electrostatic fields. a conductive enclosure used to block electrostatic fields is also known as a faraday cage. the amount of reduction depends very much upon the material used, its thickness, the size of the shielded volume and the frequency of the fields of interest and the size, shape and orientation of apertures in a shield to an incident electromagnetic

from wikipedia