Aparticular plane parallel cloud has liquid water density ρw=0.1 gm-3 and thickness δz=100 m. at a certain wavelength, the mass extinction coefficient of the cloud droplets is ke, w=150 m2/kg, and the single scattering albedo is ω0=1.0. however, the air in which the droplets are suspended is itself absorbing at this wavelength, having volume absorption coefficient βa, v=10 km-1 and ω0=0.
(a) compute the combined βe, βa, βs and ω0 for the mixture.
(b) compute the total optical depth τ of the cloud layer.
© if radiation with intensity iλ,top is incident on the top of cloud from a zenith angle θ=60o,
compute the directly transmitted intensity iλ,bottom.

Suppose the house in question 3 is located in cleveland where the annual average solar flux is 160 w/m2 . if 10 m2 of solar panels operating at 20 percent efficiency were installed on this house to collect and store solar energy in the form of hot water:

Every winter i fly home to chicago. it takes 3 hours. what is my average speed?

Lake happy times contains 100 km3 of pure water. it is fed by a river at a rate of 50 km3/yr. at time zero, there is a factory on one shore of lake happy times that begins introducing a pollutant to the lake at a rate of 2km3/yr. there is another river that is fed by lake happy times at a rate that keeps the volume of lake happy times constant. this means that the rate of flow from lake happy times into the outlet river is 52km3/yr. in turn, the flow from this outlet river goes into another lake, lake sad times, at an equal rate. finally, there is an outlet river from lake sad times flowing at a rate that keeps the volume of lake sad times at a constant 100 km3 . (a) find the amount of pollutant in lake sad times at the end of 3 months. (b) at the end of 3 months, observers close the factory due to environmental concerns and no further pollu- tant enters lake happy times. how long will it take for the pollutant in lake sad times (found in part (a)) to be cut in half?