In ptolemy's earth-centered model for the solar system, venus's phase is never full as viewed from earth because it always lies between earth and the sun. in reality, as galileo first recognized, venus is

Explanation:

Galileo observed that Venus presented phases (such as those of the moon) together with a variation in size; observations that are only compatible with the fact that Venus rotates around the Sun and not around Earth.  

This is because Venus presented its smaller size when it was in full phase and the largest size when it was in the new one, when it is between the Sun and the Earth.  

In other words: When Venus is in its full phase it is not possible to observe it from the Earth because always in this phase, Venus, the Sun and the Earth are in conjunction (or aligned).  This means the Sun is between Venus and Earth, in the orbit that both planets describe around this star.

Therefore, from the Earth, the Sun covers Venus.

This fact along with other discoveries were presented by Galileo to the Catholic Church (which supported the geocentric theory at that time) as a proof that completely refuted Ptolemy's geocentric system and affirmed Copernicus' heliocentric theory.

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scattering of light by tiny particles in air to produce the colors we see on sky, is dependent on the following factors:

(i) wavelength of light

(ii) size of the scattering particle  

(iii) distance traveled by light through the atmosphere.

according to rayleigh's law of scattering, the amount of scattering is inversely proportional to the fourth power of its wavelength. shorter the wavelength, greater is its scattering. hence violet/blue light is scattered more than red.

sun's light is a composite light ( visible light) with wavelengths in the range 400 nm (violet) to 700 nm (red). as sunlight passes through our atmosphere, the molecules of air scatter light according to their wavelengths. during sunrise and sunset, the sun's position is below the horizon. hence light from the sun travels a greater distance in the atmosphere when compared to its position a noon.

as sunlight enters the earth's atmosphere, blue light is scattered away and at the end of its journey in the sky, only red and orange wavelengths remain in the beam.

hence at sunrise and sunset, the sky appears reddish orange.