arbitrary polarization. design an experimental arrangement of waveplates that will produce an arbitrary state of polarization, characterized by an ellipticity b/a, where a is the major axis and b is the minor axis, and an orientation angle φ of the major axis clockwise from the vertical

okay i have so many questions. but the big one here is: um wt..f is this mess? ?

a.   mass number from atomic number

the aurora is formed when charged particles emitted from the sun during a solar flare penetrate the earth's magnetic shield and collide with atoms and molecules in our atmosphere. these collisions result in countless little bursts of light, called photons, which make up the aurora.

auroras are generated by charged solar particles hitting molecules in earth's atmosphere. this usually happens in high latitudes, because our planet’s magnetic field tends to funnel these particles toward the poles. that’s why it can be experienced in northern ohio.