Find the proton separation energy of: (a) he; (b) 12c (c) 40ca

a) Sp = 19.82 MeV

b) Sp = 15.96 MeV

c) Sp = 26.21240 MeV

Explanation:

He atomic number = 2

He mass number = 4

He molar mass = 4.002602 u

Element with 2-1 atomic number = 1 and Element with mass number = 4-1 = 3 is Tritium

Tritium molar mass = 3.0160492 u

Hydrogen molar mass = 1.00784 u

separation energy

Sp=(3.0160492+1.00784-4.002602)(931.50 MeV/u)     (1 u = 931.5 MeV)

a) Sp = 19.82 MeV

Carbon atomic number 6

Mass number = 12

Element with 6-1 atomic number = 5 and Element with mass number = 12-1 = 11 is Boron 11

Sp=(mass of boron 11+mass of hydrogen+mass of carbon)×931.5

Sp=(11.009305+1.00784-12)×931.5

b) Sp = 15.96 MeV

Calcium atomic number = 20

Calcium mass number = 40

Sp=(mass of potassium+mass of hydrogen+mass of calcium)×931.5

Sp=(39.0983+1.00784-40.078)×931.5

c) Sp = 26.21240 MeV

freezing

deposition

condensation

explanation;

melting also called fusion is the process where solid becomes liquid, sublimation is the process where solid becomes gaseous without first changing to liquid, deposition involves change from gaseous to solid state, freezing involves change from liquid to solid, boiling or evaporation involves change of liquid to gaseous state, while condensation is the change from gaseous state to liquid state.

endothermic reactions involves absorption of heat from the surroundings or the environment while exothermic reactions involves loss of heat energy to the surroundings.

in this case, sublimation, evaporation and melting are endothermic reactions (gain energy from the environment) while, freezing, deposition and condensation are exothermic (loss of energy to the surroundings) reactions.