What plate area is required if an air-filled, parallel-plate capacitor with a plate separation of 3.1 mm is to have a capacitance of 23 pf ?

Tungsten-filament lightbulb emits light based on the temperature of the filament. which phenomenon does this demonstrate?

Lets say that an object of a certain volume has a certin mass. what happens to its mass when you double its volume?

Scientists use laser range-finding to measure the distance to the moon with great accuracy. a brief laser pulse is fired at the moon, then the time interval is measured until the "echo" is seen by a telescope. a laser beam spreads out as it travels because it diffracts through a circular exit as it leaves the laser. in order for the reflected light to be bright enough to detect, the laser spot on the moon must be no more than 1.0 km in diameter. staying within this diameter is accomplished by using a special large-diameter laser. part a if λ = 540nm , what is the minimum diameter of the circular opening from which the laser beam emerges? the earth-moon distance is 384,000 km. express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units.