Describe the role of impurities in dielectrics. why are sapphire and diamond transparent and how can impurities change this?

Sapphire and diamond impurities change with their transparency and role of impurities in dielectrics is discussed below.

Explanation:

Temperature dependence of the dielectrics with different degrees of purity measured in the range of 233-313 K. This was observed that the  impurities presence is  strongly influences the dielectric constant, dipole moment and melting point.

SAPPHIRE

Sapphire is a very important gem stone. It's color is blue, but the naturally occurring sapphires have  purple, yellow,orange and green. This variety in color is due to trace amount of presence of impurities like Iron,titanium, chromium, copper and Magnesium. It is the third hardest materials in the Mohs scale. The transparency of Sapphire is due to the impurities present in it.

DIAMOND

Diamond is the very precious stone. The transparency in the diamond is due to the band structure, that is the band gap is high in the diamonds, so they are transparent in nature. Diamond has many unequaled qualities and is very unique among the other minerals. It has highest refractive index of any natural minerals and is transparent over greatest number of wavelengths due to conduction present in it.

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