Find the energy (in ev) of a ground state electron in a he ii (he + ) atom. (b.) find the amount of energy (in ev) needed to ionize the ground state electron of part (a). (c.) for which ionization state(s) of carbon could you calculate (principle) quantum energy levels for given the formula for e n presented in class

a)  -54.42 eV

b)  C VI (C +++++)

Explanation:

Hi!

I imagine that the formula given in class is the energy of the hydorgen like atoms, which is:

Where all are physical constants, such as vacuum permitivity ε0, planck's constant (reduced) h bar, electron's charge e, the atomic number Z, and the reduced mass μ.

The reduced mass is given by the formula:

In general the electron's mass is much smaller than the nucleous mass therefore the reduced mass is almost equal to the electron's mass.

If we replace all these constants the energy will become:

For He --> Z = 2, therefore:

And the ground state is given  when n=1

a)

E = -54.42 eV

b)

This formula applies only to hydorgen like atoms, that is whit only one electron, therefore if an element were to have Z electrons, the formula will only apply to that element ionized Z-1 times.

For C Z=6

We could only calculate the quantum energy levels with the given formula for C VI (C +++++)

as technology advances, new experiments often expose problems in accepted theories. c

hope i

-lavira: )

scattering of light by tiny particles in air to produce the colors we see on sky, is dependent on the following factors:

(i) wavelength of light

(ii) size of the scattering particle  

(iii) distance traveled by light through the atmosphere.

according to rayleigh's law of scattering, the amount of scattering is inversely proportional to the fourth power of its wavelength. shorter the wavelength, greater is its scattering. hence violet/blue light is scattered more than red.

sun's light is a composite light ( visible light) with wavelengths in the range 400 nm (violet) to 700 nm (red). as sunlight passes through our atmosphere, the molecules of air scatter light according to their wavelengths. during sunrise and sunset, the sun's position is below the horizon. hence light from the sun travels a greater distance in the atmosphere when compared to its position a noon.

as sunlight enters the earth's atmosphere, blue light is scattered away and at the end of its journey in the sky, only red and orange wavelengths remain in the beam.

hence at sunrise and sunset, the sky appears reddish orange.