When the sun is directly overhead, the thermal energy incident upon the earth is about 1.4 x 106 ergs- cm-2-sec-1. the diameter of the sun is about 1.6x 1011cm, and the distance from the sun to the earth is about 1.3 x 1013cm. assuming the that the sun radiates like a black body, use the expression to estimate its surface temperature.

electromagnetic shielding is the practice of reducing the electromagnetic field in a space by blocking the field with barriers made of conductive or magnetic materials. shielding is typically applied to enclosures to isolate electrical devices from their surroundings, and to cables to isolate wires from the environment through which the cable runs. electromagnetic shielding that blocks radio frequency electromagnetic radiation is also known as rf shielding.

the shielding can reduce the coupling of radio waves, electromagnetic fields and electrostatic fields. a conductive enclosure used to block electrostatic fields is also known as a faraday cage. the amount of reduction depends very much upon the material used, its thickness, the size of the shielded volume and the frequency of the fields of interest and the size, shape and orientation of apertures in a shield to an incident electromagnetic

from wikipedia

answer; how far out of place which the object finished relative to the starting location;

snell's law

refractve index = sin incidence / sin refraction