Aspearfisher stands in shallow water and sees a fish a few feet in front of her. she throws her spear directly toward the position she perceives the fish to be in. where does the spear end up relative to the fish, assuming the fish does not move?

the spear will end up above the fish relative to the actual position of the fish.

Explanation:

due to refraction of light coming from the fish the fish will appear slightly above from its real position

So due to this refraction the spearfisher will throw the spear directly at the image of the fish due to which it will not reach the position of fish but it will reach the position above the fish.

So here we can say that the spear will end up above the fish relative to the actual position of the fish

a and b sometimes have a positive value

your answer is, orbit around the nucleus