You pull on a spring in two steps. the spring obeys hooke’s law. in step 1of pulling, you extend it by a distance xs. in step 2, you further extend it by the same distance xs. choose the answer that correctly compares the elastic potential energy of the spring after the first step (us1) with that after the second step (us2.) assume that the spring is initially undeformed.(a) us2> 2us1 because the average force exerted on the spring in step 2 is larger than the average force exerted on the spring in step 1.(b) us2=2us1 because the force exerted on the spring at the end of step 2 is two times larger than at the end of step 1.(c) us2> 2us1 because the more the spring is stretched, the larger the additional force that is needed to extend the spring for an additional unit distance.(d) us2=2us1 because the extension of the spring at the end of step 2 is two times larger than the extension of the spring at the end of step 1.

Energy transformations are processes that convert energy from one type (e.g., kinetic, gravitational potential, chemical energy) into another. any type of energy use must involve some sort of energy transformation.energy must obey the laws of thermodynamics.thermodynamics is the study of how energy changes from one type to another. the laws of thermodynamics apply to energy and energy conversions.the first law of thermodynamics: main articleenergy cannot be created or destroyed (which is called the conservation of energy); however, it can be transformed from one type into another. in fact, every useful process transforms energy from one form to another. there are many different forms or types of energy. some examples of everyday energy transformations are: scenario energy conversions involvedrubbing hands together to make them warm kinetic energy to thermal energyusing a battery-powered flashlight chemical energy to electrical energy (in the battery)electrical energy to radiant energy (in the bulb)an object speeding up as it falls gravitational potential energy to kinetic energythe second law of thermodynamics: main articlesome forms of energy are more useful than others. using energy always makes it less useful, even though no energy is actually destroyed.kinetic energy and electricity are the most useful forms. these are "high-quality" because they can be transformed almost completely into any other type of energy. electricity, for example, can be easily used to generate heat (thermal energy) or light (radiant energy), break chemical bonds (chemical energy), move objects (kinetic energy), or lift objects (gravitational potential energy).the least useful form of energy is low-temperature thermal energy. it can still be converted back to a higher-quality form, but useful energy is always lost in this process. converting energy to a less-useful form and then trying to work backwards never gets 100% of the useful energy back.for example, when a car runs, the engine will become hot (thermal energy). the warmth of the engine does nothing to the car move or go faster. this wasted energy is an unavoidable by-product of converting the car's fuel (chemical energy) into movement ("high-quality" kinetic energy), however it can potentially be used for heating the cabin of the car to slightly increase overall energy efficiency. it is a challenge for all forms of power generation to minimize wasted energy and be as efficient as possible.

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