Atoms seldom exist as independent particles in nature because

Explanation:

Atom is seldom exist as independent particles in nature because when existing alone without bonding they possess high potential energy which makes them less stable compare to when they are bonding with another (it may be the same atom like oxygen gas or other atoms) which leads to them creating a more stable arrangement.

3.2x10^7

explanation:

considering the bohr theory, the type of connection that requires the transfer the answer conuldn't be right