Aball on a string swings in a counterclockwise vertical circle at constant speed as shown
below. we can ignore air resistance.
which sets of force vectors show all the forces on the ball as it passes through point p?

the independent variable, or the one that is intentionally manipulated is the speed.

as we know our atmosphere or air have different levels. every level has other gasses, and every gas has another permeability. when the light comes from lower permeability to higher permeability, it changes its direction. so that means that when the light comes from the moon to the earth, it changes it's direction many more times. it basically means that the shape of the light part of the moon is changed on the earth.

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