Awrench is used to loosen a tight bolt. rank the configurations in order of the applied torque, from least to most. in a only the wrench is used. in b, an extender bar is used, perpendicular to the wrench. in c the extender is used parallel to the wrench. in d the force is not perpendicular to the wrench. the applied force is the same in each case.

(a) d, a=b, c
(b) a, b, d, c
(c) d, a, b, c
(d) a=b=c=d

D <A <B <C

Explanation:

When the wrench is used to loosen a bolt, torque is being applied to the system. The torque is defined by

        τ = F x r

Where F is the force and r the distance from the force applied point to the pivot point

       τ = F r sin θ

In this case the angle is between force and distance.

Let's look at the characteristics of this equation.

The torque is maximum if at an angle it is 90 °     τ = F r

Let's analyze the affirmations

A gives a torque that you will call τ₀  = F r

B the troque increases because the distance increases the new distance we can find it by the Pythagorean Theorem

      R ’= √r² + d² = r √ (1+ d² / r²)

      τ = τ₀  (1+ (d /r)²)

C the torque increases because the distance increases

       R ’= r + d

       τ = τ₀ (1 + d/r)

D the force is not perpendicular to the key in this case the sine decreases and therefore the torque decreases

       τ = F r sin θ

       τ = τ₀ sin θ

order   Minor   to   major

D <A <B <C

an ion is a charged atom or molecule. it is charged because the number of electrons do not equal the number of protons in the atom or molecule. an atom can acquire a positive charge or a negative charge depending on whether the number of electrons in an atom is greater or less then the number of protons in the atom.

b. latent learning (the word "latent" itself means something that exists but isn't obvious, only under certain conditions! )