The negative point charge at the center has a magnitude given byq. what is the direction of the electric field in thefollowing regions?
(a) r < r1

a. the direction of the electric field isradially inward.
b. the direction of the electric field isradially outward.
c. none of the above.

a. The direction of the electric field is radially inward.

Explanation:

Point charges causes electric field in the radial direction. If the charge is negative, then the electric field is radially inward. If the charge is positive, then E-field is radially outward. In this question, the charge is negative, so it is radially inward.

Since the geometry in the question is not given, I cannot further comment on the problem.

scattering of light by tiny particles in air to produce the colors we see on sky, is dependent on the following factors:

(i) wavelength of light

(ii) size of the scattering particle  

(iii) distance traveled by light through the atmosphere.

according to rayleigh's law of scattering, the amount of scattering is inversely proportional to the fourth power of its wavelength. shorter the wavelength, greater is its scattering. hence violet/blue light is scattered more than red.

sun's light is a composite light ( visible light) with wavelengths in the range 400 nm (violet) to 700 nm (red). as sunlight passes through our atmosphere, the molecules of air scatter light according to their wavelengths. during sunrise and sunset, the sun's position is below the horizon. hence light from the sun travels a greater distance in the atmosphere when compared to its position a noon.

as sunlight enters the earth's atmosphere, blue light is scattered away and at the end of its journey in the sky, only red and orange wavelengths remain in the beam.

hence at sunrise and sunset, the sky appears reddish orange.