An amateur scientist directs a radio signal pulse at Mars, which is 1.5 x 10m away at the time. Then, 800 seconds later, while peering through a telescope, she observes an explosion on Mars. Could the explosion somehow have been caused by her act of sending the radio pulse?

No.

Explanation:

A radio wave is an electromagnetic wave and all electromagnetic waves move at the speed of light, 3 * 10^8 m/s.

We can find the time it will take for the signal to get to Mars from Earth:

Time = distance/speed

Time = (1.5 * 10^11)/(3 * 10^8)

Time = 500 secs

Hence, it would be impossible for the explosion (which occurs 300 secs later) to have been caused by her radio signal pulse.

most voltage drop calculators want the distance between the source and destination. then internally, they double it so both the source and return wires are calculated. but you need to know which distance the calculator uses so you're not half of what you should be or double what you should be.

most circuit breakers will not take a #6 directly, so the electrician will have to splice on a smaller pigtail. you also have to upsize the grounding wire when you upsized the ungrounded (hot) wire (see note in 250.122). this will preclude using most cable assemblies, as a cable with #6 copper will most likely only have a #10 grounding conductor. you need a #6 grounding conductor if the circuit is 20a. a #8 cable is no better, as it will have a #10 grounding conductor too. but most 20a breakers will take a #8 directly.

in your related post, you didn't say what type of load this is. if it is a light or heater, voltage drop won't be a big issue. if this is a motor, the current needs are huge at startup and the voltage drop can pose a problem. if this is a motor, knowing if the motor is under much load during startup will answer the voltage drop effect (a saw is easier to start than a compressor).