When X-rays of wavelength λ = 0.2 nm are reected o the face of a crystal, a Bragg maximum is observed at a glancing angle of θ = 17.5 o , with sucient intensity that it is judged to be rst order. (a) What is the spacing d between the crystal planes that are parallel to the face in question? (b) What are the glancing angles of all higher order maxima?

finding spacing between crystal planes

2dsin∅ =  λ

d = λn/ 2sin∅

d = 0.2nm/2sin17.5

∴ d = 0.333 nm

Nmax ×λ = 2d

n = 2×0.333/0.2

n = 3

∴ 2dsin∅ = λ×n

sin∅ = 0.2nm×3/2×0.333nm

sin∅ =0.90

∅ = 64°

Explanation:

quantum mechanics or quantum physics is physics of very small objects (particles) and physical entities.

quantum physics has some parallels to our macro world and some pretty unique ideas which theoretically and mathematically proven to be true even though we will never be able to access them because of our size.

there are many types of particles: subatomic, elementary etc.

subatomic means they are smaller than atom, elementary means they are at the very basis of everything.

subatomic particles are for eg. protons, neutrons but not electrons.

elementary particles are categorised into 3 groups by what they do.

these 3 groups are quarks, leptons and bosons.

light for example is a particle more precisely a photon a part of leptons.

proton (subatomic particle) is made out of 2 up quarks and 1 down quark each of these has a fractional charge like . (i crazy)

most famous scientist who contributed to this physics are:

the topic itself us understand a lot and will probably be vastly used in the future (quantum computers, understanding the big bang,

we also must not forget quantum effects like:

and there is more. but probably too much for this answer to be consistent due to my average understanding of this topic.

hope this you understand quantum mechanics a little more. i'm not an expert in the topic (so don't be like wth if you are an expert) but i'm very interested in it.

anyways quantum physics is a very hard topic (harder than physics (perhaps)) therefore searching for every information there is about it and learning it is unfortunately impossible (you can only specialise into 1 - 3 things or more (perhaps

have fun and i wish you luck!

r3t40

the order for strong to weak forces such as

strong nuclear force → electromegnetic force → weak nuclear force → gravitational force

the fundamental forces are those forces that act between to objects or element to make interactions. there are four types of fundamental forces such as strong and weak nuclear forces (due to protons and electrons), electromagnetic force (due to the motion of electrons) and gravitational force (due to orbital movement of the planet). if these forces are arranged on the basis of their maximum strength then the order is

strong nuclear force → electromegnetic force → weak nuclear force → gravitational force