A Nichrome wire 25 cm long and 0.22 mm in diameter is connected to a 2.3 V flashlight battery.
(A) What is the electric field inside the wire?
(B) Why don't you have to know how the wire is bent? (Select all that apply.)

a. E is dependent on the length L of the wire which only applies to the segment of the wire that is not bent.
b. E is not dependent on how the wire is bent, only the diameter of the wire is needed.
c. Since the conventional current flows in the direction of E → , E is the same in every part of the wire with uniform properties.
d. E must be parallel to the wire at every location – even if the wire twists and turns.

(A) E = 9.2V/m

(a) and (d)

Explanation:

E = V/L

Given V = 2.3 V and L = 25cm = 0.25m

E = 2.3/0.25 = 9.2 V/m.

The electric field is constant and uniform throughout the length of the wire. Mathematically,

E = dV/dr

E is the ratio of a very small potential difference across a very small section of a conductor. It is the constant of proportionality between the potential difference applied across the ends of the wire. The potential difference varies over the length of the wire having a high value at the positive terminal and reduces to zero over the length of the wire to the negative terminal. As a result E is always the same at every point in the wire provided the wire has uniform properties.

Also from this equation E = dV/dr it can be seen that the magnitude of E is the slope of the tangent to the curve formed by varying V and dr. The direction is always tangent to the wire. In other words just like in statement (d) the E is always parallel to the wire even if it is curved.

as we know our atmosphere or air have different levels. every level has other gasses, and every gas has another permeability. when the light comes from lower permeability to higher permeability, it changes its direction. so that means that when the light comes from the moon to the earth, it changes it's direction many more times. it basically means that the shape of the light part of the moon is changed on the earth.

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