A 4.50-g bullet, traveling horizontally with a velocity of magnitude 400 m/s, is fired into a wooden block with mass 0.650 kg , initially at rest on a level surface. The bullet passes through the block and emerges with its speed reduced to 190 m/s. The block slides a distance of 72.0 cm along the surface from its initial position.

a. What is the coefficient of kinetic friction between block and surface?
b. What is the decrease in kinetic energy of the bullet?
c. What is the kinetic energy of the block at the instant after the bullet passes through it?

a)  μ = 0.1957 , b) ΔK = 158.8 J , c)    K = 0.683 J

Explanation:

We must solve this problem in parts, one for the collision and the other with the conservation of energy

Let's find the speed of the wood block after the crash

Initial moment. Before the crash

            p₀ = m v₁₀ + M v₂₀

Final moment. Right after the crash

           pf = m + M v_{2f}

The system is made up of the block and the bullet, so the moment is preserved

           p₀ = pf

          m v₁₀ = m v_{1f} + M v_{2f}

          v_{2f} = m (v₁₀ - v_{1f}) / M

          v_{2f} = 4.5 10-3 (400 - 190) /0.65

          v_{2f} = 1.45 m / s

Now we can use the energy work theorem for the wood block

Starting point

                Em₀ = K = ½ m v2f2

Final point

                Emf = 0

                W = ΔEm

               - fr x = 0 - ½ m v₂₂2f2

The friction force is

               fr = μN

With Newton's second law

               N- W = 0

               N = Mg

We substitute

               -μ Mg x = - ½ M v2f2

                μ = ½ v2f2 / gx

Let's calculate

            μ = ½ 1.41 2 / 9.8 0.72

            μ = 0.1957

b) let's look for the initial and final kinetic energy

           K₀ = 1/2 m v₁²

           K₀ = ½ 4.50 10⁻³ 400²

           K₀ = 2.40 10²  J

           Kf = ½ 4.50 10⁻³ 190²

           Kf = 8.12 10¹  J

Energy reduction is

              K₀ - Kf = 2.40 10²- 8.12 10¹

              ΔK = 158.8 J

c) kinetic energy

              K = ½ M v²

              K = ½ 0.650 1.45²

              K = 0.683 J

speed of light in vacuum is 300,000 km/s

speed of light in other mediums is given by the expression v = c/n, where c is the speed of light in vacuum and n is the refractive index of medium.

for the first medium v = 200,000 km/s

  so, refractive index of medium = 300000/200000 = 1.5

    1.5 refractive index is usually for glass. so first medium is glass.

for the second medium v = 250,00 km/s

so, refractive index of medium = 300000/250000 = 1.2

    1.2 refractive index is usually for water. so second medium is water.

for the third medium v = 0 km/s

so, refractive index of medium = 300000/0 = ∞

    ∞ refractive index is usually for opaque mediums. so third medium is opaque medium.

365.25 earth days are in the year of a light year